System and method for securing tissue to bone

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are methods and devices for securing soft tissue to a rigid material such as bone. A tissue capture anchor is described that comprises an anchor body and a spreader such that tissue may be captured or compressed between outside surfaces on the anchor and spreader and inside surfaces of a bone hole to secure the tissue within the hole. A bone anchor is described that comprises an anchor body with expandable tines and a spreader that expands the tines into bone. The spreader captures tissue via a suture loop at the distal end of the bone anchor. Also described is an inserter that can be used to insert the anchor into bone and move the spreader within the anchor to expand the anchor and capture the tissue between the anchor and the bone. Methods are described that allow the use of bone anchors to secure tissue to bone.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/475,210, filed on Apr. 13, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to medical devices and procedures. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices and methods for securing soft tissue to a rigid material such as bone.

2. Description of the Related Art

There are several medical procedures where a surgeon needs to attach soft tissue such as tendons or other soft connective tissue to bone. One common example is a biceps tenodesis, a surgical procedure usually performed for the treatment of biceps tendonitis of the shoulder. A biceps tenodesis may be performed as an isolated procedure, but more often is part of a larger shoulder surgery such as a rotator cuff repair.

The biceps tendon connects the biceps muscle to the bone. The tendon passes from the muscle to the shoulder joint. Patients with biceps tendon problems may have a detachment of the biceps tendon from the radial tuberosity, for example, or they may have inflammation and irritation of the biceps tendon itself. Biceps tendon problems can also occur in conjunction with a rotator cuff tear.

A biceps tenodesis is a procedure that cuts the normal attachment of the biceps tendon on the shoulder socket and reattaches the tendon to the bone of the humerus (arm bone). By performing a biceps tenodesis, the pressure of the biceps attachment is taken off the cartilage rim of the shoulder socket (the labrum), and a portion of the biceps tendon can be surgically removed. Essentially a biceps tenodesis moves the attachment of the biceps tendon to a position that is out of the way of the shoulder joint.

To perform a biceps tenodesis repair, typically a surgical procedure is used and requires the multiple steps of externalizing the tendon, whip stitching it, threading suture through a tenodesis screw, drilling the necessary bone hole and anchor insertion via screwing it in. This is a difficult procedure arthroscopically. Systems recently brought to market still require multiple steps and tools.

Another common example is an anterior cruciate ligament repair, a surgical procedure usually performed for the treatment of the ligament of the knee. An ACL repair may be performed as an isolated procedure, but is often part of multiple-repair surgery.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Some embodiments relate to a tissue capture anchor for attaching tissue to bone. In some embodiments, the anchor can include, for example, an expandable anchor body and a spreader. In some embodiments, the spreader can be displaceable along an axis of the anchor body between a first position and a second position. The spreader can include, for example, a plurality of spikes that can engage with tissue and an angled portion that can expand the anchor body as the spreader is advanced from the first position to the second position.

In some aspects, the anchor body can further include, for example, an expandable tine and/or a plurality of expandable tines. In some embodiments, the spreader can expand the anchor body by deploying the plurality of expandable tines.

In some aspects, an outside surface of each tine can include at least two teeth, and in some aspects, an outside surface of the tines can include ridges or teeth which secure the anchor body within bone. In some aspects, the anchor body defines a central hole that can receive the proximal end of the spreader. In some aspects, an outside surface of the spreader can include, for example, a lateral protrusion, and the central hole of the anchor body can include indentations that can engage the lateral protrusion to inhibit movement of the proximal end of the spreader relative to the central hole. In some aspects, the inside surface of the central hole in the anchor body can include a groove and the proximal end of the spreader can include a ridge that can fixedly snap within the anchor body's groove.

In some embodiments, the anchor can be, for example, made of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK).

In some aspects, one of the spikes can have a pointed end, can have a flat end, and/or can have a rounded end. In some aspects, the plurality of spikes can be, for example, four spikes, six spikes, twelve spikes, or any other desired number of spikes.

Some embodiments relate to a tissue capture anchor and inserter combination. In some embodiments, this combination can include, for example, an anchor, a handle, an outer tube coupled to the handle, an inner rod or tube positioned within the outer tube and coupled to the spreader, an actuator shaft positioned within the handle and coupled to the inner rod, and/or a deployment knob coupled to the handle and the actuator shaft and that can move the actuator shaft relative to the handle and the inner rod or tube relative to the outer tube. In some embodiments, the anchor can include, for example, an expandable anchor body and a spreader. In some embodiments, the spreader can be displaceable along an axis of the anchor body between a first position and a second position. The spreader can include, for example, a plurality of spikes that can engage with tissue and an angled portion that can expand the anchor body as the spreader is advanced from the first position to the second position. In some embodiments, the inserter tool can draw the spreader into the bone anchor to fully deploy the tissue capture anchor and secure tissue to the bone.

Some embodiments relate to a method of attaching soft tissue to bone. In some embodiments, the method can include, for example, engaging the soft tissue with a bone anchor, the anchor including, for example, a spreader having a tissue engaging element that can include a plurality of spikes, and an anchor body that can include expandable tines. In some embodiments, the method can include, for example, inserting the anchor and engaged tissue into the bone and deploying the anchor to secure it and the soft tissue in the bone.

In some aspects, the method can include, for example, making a clearance hole for the tissue capture anchor, which hole can be made, for example, in the bicipital groove and/or made inferior to the bicipital groove. In some aspects, the clearance hole can be sized to receive the anchor.

In some aspects, the method can include, for example, making a bone hole for the tissue capture anchor. In some embodiments, for example, the bone hole is made with a drill, with a reamer, and/or with the tip of the spreader. In some aspects, the method can include, for example, clearing the bone of any soft tissue in the region of the bone hole. In some aspects, the tendon can be, for example, folded around the anchor longitudinally.

In some aspects, deploying the anchor additionally can include, for example, expanding the anchor body to secure the tissue to the bone. In some aspects, the expandable tines can include teeth configured to engage the bone and/or the tissue can be secured without the use of sutures or knots. In some embodiments, the method can be arthroscopically conducted, and/or can be a sub-pectoral procedure.

In some aspects, engaging the tissue and inserting the anchor can include, for example, moving the anchor into the bone so as to capture the soft tissue into the bone. In some aspects, the soft tissue can be secured within the bone by forcing the anchor within the bone after the tissue has been engaged by the anchor and/or the tissue becomes secured within the tissue capture anchor once the anchor is deployed.

Some embodiments relate to a method of attaching soft tissue to bone in a sub-pectoral procedure. In some embodiments the method can include, for example, creating an incision on an inferior border of the pectoralis major muscle, engaging the soft tissue with a bone anchor through the incision, inserting the anchor and engaged tissue into the bone, and/or deploying the anchor to secure it and the soft tissue in the bone. In some embodiments, the anchor can include, for example, a spreader including a tissue engaging element and/or an anchor body including expandable tines.

In some aspects, the method can include, for example, making a clearance hole for the tissue capture anchor, which hole can be made, for example, inferior to the bicipital groove. In some aspects, the clearance hole can be sized to receive the anchor.

In some aspects, the method can include, for example, making a bone hole for the tissue capture anchor. In some embodiments, for example, the bone hole is made with a drill, with a reamer, and/or with the tip of the spreader. In some aspects, the method can include, for example, clearing the bone of any soft tissue in the region of the bone hole. In some aspects, the tendon can be, for example, folded around the anchor longitudinally.

In some aspects, deploying the anchor additionally can include, for example, expanding the anchor body to secure the tissue to the bone. In some aspects, the expandable tines can include teeth configured to engage the bone and/or the tissue can be secured without the use of sutures or knots.

In some aspects, engaging the tissue and inserting the anchor can include, for example, moving the anchor into the bone so as to capture the soft tissue into the bone. In some aspects, the soft tissue can be secured within the bone by forcing the anchor within the bone after the tissue has been engaged by the anchor and/or the tissue becomes secured within the tissue capture anchor once the anchor is deployed.

In some aspects, the tissue engaging element can include a single pointed tip, a suture loop, and/or a plurality of spikes.

The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalization, and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, features, and advantages of the devices and/or processes and/or other subject matter described herein will become apparent in the teachings set forth herein. The summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a side view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in an undeployed or unexpanded state.

FIG. 1B shows a perspective view of one embodiment of an undeployed tissue capture anchor.

FIG. 1C shows a side view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 1D shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 1E shows another perspective view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 1F shows a side view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in an undeployed or unexpanded state.

FIG. 1G shows a perspective view of one embodiment of an undeployed tissue capture anchor.

FIG. 1H shows a side view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 1I shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 1J shows another perspective view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 2A depicts a side view of one embodiment of an anchor body.

FIG. 2B depicts a perspective view of one embodiment of an anchor body.

FIG. 2C depicts another perspective proximal view of one embodiment of an anchor body.

FIG. 2D depicts a perspective distal view of one embodiment of an anchor body.

FIGS. 2E and 2F depict an alternate embodiment of an anchor body.

FIG. 3A depicts a side view of one embodiment of a spreader.

FIG. 3B depicts a perspective view of one embodiment of a spreader.

FIG. 3C depicts a side view of an alternative embodiment of a spreader comprising a through-hole.

FIG. 3D depicts a side view of one embodiment of a spreader.

FIG. 3E depicts a perspective view of one embodiment of a spreader.

FIG. 3F depicts another perspective view of one embodiment of a spreader.

FIG. 3G illustrates a view of the distal face of one embodiment of a twelve-spike spreader.

FIG. 3H illustrates a side perspective view of one embodiment of a four-spike spreader.

FIG. 3I illustrates a perspective distal view of one embodiment of a six-spike spreader.

FIG. 3J illustrates a side view of one embodiment of a six spike spreader.

FIG. 3K illustrates a perspective proximal view of one embodiment of a six spike spreader.

FIG. 3L shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the undeployed or unexpanded state.

FIG. 4 shows an exploded view of one embodiment of an inserter tool.

FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of an inner rod component of an insertion tool.

FIG. 6 shows a side view of one embodiment of an outer tube component of an insertion tool.

FIG. 7A shows a side view of one embodiment of a handle component of an insertion tool.

FIG. 7B shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a handle component of an insertion tool.

FIG. 8 shows one embodiment of an actuator shaft component of an insertion tool.

FIG. 9 shows one embodiment of a deployment knob component of an insertion tool.

FIG. 10 shows the coupled inserter tool and tissue capture anchor devices in an unexpanded or undeployed state.

FIG. 11 shows the coupled inserter tool and tissue capture anchor devices in an unexpanded or undeployed state.

FIG. 12 shows the coupled inserter tool and tissue capture anchor devices in an unexpanded or undeployed state.

FIG. 13A shows a side view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in an undeployed or unexpanded state.

FIG. 13B shows a perspective view of one embodiment of an undeployed tissue capture anchor.

FIG. 13C shows a side view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 13D shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 13E shows another perspective view of one embodiment of a tissue capture anchor in the deployed or expanded state.

FIG. 14A depicts a side view of one embodiment of an anchor body.

FIG. 14B depicts a perspective view of one embodiment of an anchor body.

FIG. 14C depicts another perspective proximal view of one embodiment of an anchor body.

FIG. 14D depicts a perspective distal view of one embodiment of an anchor body.

FIG. 15A depicts a side view of one embodiment of a spreader.

FIG. 15B depicts a perspective view of one embodiment of a spreader.

FIG. 15C depicts a side view of an alternative embodiment of a spreader comprising a through-hole.

FIGS. 16A and 16B show exploded views of one embodiment of an inserter tool.

FIG. 17A is an anatomical illustration of an arm.

FIG. 17B is an anatomical illustration of a shoulder.

FIG. 18A shows the bicipital groove of the shoulder.

FIG. 18B illustrates another example of the bicipital groove of the shoulder

FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment of an undeployed anchor inserted in a bone hole.

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment of a deployed anchor inserted in a bone hole.

FIG. 21 illustrates one embodiment of a deployed bone anchor.

FIGS. 22A-22H illustrate a sub-pectoral method of attaching tendon to bone using the anchor described herein.

FIGS. 23A-23I illustrate an arthroscopic method of attaching tendon to bone using the anchor described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

In various embodiments, soft tissue may be attached to bone utilizing one or more tissue capture anchors. In the following non-limiting examples elements 100 a and 100 b illustrate two embodiments of a bone anchor, and likewise elements 300 a and 300 b illustrate a spreader element of the bone anchors. In the following paragraphs, where element 100 is used, it is assumed that elements 100 a and 100 b are contemplated. Where element 300 is used, it is assumed that elements 300 a and 300 b are contemplated. The elements 300 a and 300 b or their corresponding anchor embodiments 100 a and 100 b are referenced specifically when pertinent.

In one non-limiting example illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1E, a pointed tip is used to capture tissue. In another non-limiting example illustrated in FIGS. 1F-1J, suture loop is used to capture tissue. FIGS. 1A and 1F depict a side view of a tissue capture anchor 100 comprising an anchor body 200 and a spreader 300. FIG. 1F additionally comprises a suture loop 390. The anchor body 200 is comprised of tines 220. In some embodiments, the anchor body 200 may include teeth 230, and in some embodiments, the anchor body 200 may not include teeth 230. FIGS. 1A-1E depict embodiments of an anchor body including teeth 230, and specifically including teeth 230 located on the tines 220. The tines 220 expand from the distal end 210 of the anchor body 200 when the spreader 300 is engaged with the anchor body 200. The proximal end of the spreader 300 is configured to fit into the distal end 202 of the anchor body 200. In FIGS. 1A and 1F, the tissue capture anchor 100 is in the undeployed, or unexpanded position.

FIGS. 1B and 1G show a perspective view of the unexpanded tissue capture anchor 100. In this embodiment, the spreader 300 is slightly inserted in the central hole 215 at the distal end of the anchor body 200.

FIGS. 1C and 1H show a side view of the tissue capture anchor 100 in the deployed or expanded position. In the deployed or expanded position, the spreader 300 has been drawn up into the anchor body 200 causing the tines 220 to expand from the distal end of the anchor body 200. When deployed, the teeth 230 engage with the bone surface trapping tissue between the bone and the bone anchor 100.

The inside surface of the anchor body 200 may comprise a grooved surface 225 to engage with the ridge 315 of the spreader 300 to lock the spreader 300 into place when the anchor body 200 is fully deployed. The grooved surface 225 is oriented such that the distal end of the spreader 300 can be easily moved in the proximal direction in central hole 215 of the anchor body 200 with the ridge 315 snapping into the groove 225 as the distal end is moved proximally. However, when the ridge 315 is snapped into groove 225, proximal movement of distal end is inhibited. In some embodiments, the groove 225 can exist at different locations of the surface of the central hole or else even along substantially the entire surface of the central hole 215. In some embodiments the anchor body 200 may be coupled to the spreader 300 in several positions. In other words, in one embodiment the spreader 300 need not be inserted into the anchor body 200 as far as it will go for it to be secured to the anchor body 200.

Although a grooved surface is illustrated, it will be appreciated that other shapes are also contemplated, including multiple concentric grooves, a series of protruding ridges, or any other suitable structure that permits a spreader 300 to be securely locked within the central hole of the anchor body 200.

With reference to FIGS. 1D and 1I, which are each a perspective view of the top and side of anchor body 200 engaged with the spreader 300, the top (proximal end) comprises a hole 215 in the center for receiving the spreader 200. In some embodiments, the top surface 218 of the anchor body 200 may be textured such as with a scallop shape or grooves so as to inhibit movement of an insertion tool against the surface of the anchor body.

During deployment, the spreader 300 is drawn into the anchor body 200 causing the tines 220 to expand from the distal end of the anchor body 200. Also during deployment, the spreader 300 is drawn into the anchor body 200 until the ridge 315 of the spreader 300 passes a groove 225 in the anchor body 200. When the spreader passes this point, the ridge 330 and groove 225 engage or click and the spreader 300 is locked into place and the anchor body 200 cannot undeploy or reverse and the spreader 300 cannot reverse direction.

FIGS. 1E and 1J each show a distal end view of the tissue capture anchor 100. In this view the anchor body 200 is fully deployed. The spreader 300 is securedly fixed into the anchor body 200 and the ridge 315 and groove 225 of the anchor body 200 will keep the spreader 300 from being uninserted or reversed from the anchor body 200. The tines 220 are fully expanded. Since the teeth 230 are facing the opposite direction from the view of FIGS. 1E and 1J, only their edges are visible along the edges of the tines 220.

FIGS. 2A-2D depict an embodiment of an undeployed anchor body 200. FIG. 2A depicts a side view of the anchor body 200. FIG. 2B depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of the anchor body 200. FIG. 2C depicts a view from the proximal end of the anchor body 200, and FIG. 2D depicts a perspective view from the distal end of the anchor body 200. The proximal end 210 of the undeployed anchor body 200 is generally cylindrical in shape with a diameter larger than distal end 202. With reference to FIGS. 2B-2D, a hole 215 may advantageously be provided in the center of proximal end 210. With reference to FIG. 2B, the bottom of distal end 202 also contains a hole 215. Hole 215 comprises a central opening that extends through the anchor body 200. In some embodiments the anchor body 200 comprises a groove 225 in its inner surface, as shown in FIGS. 2C-2D. Thus, the inner surface of the anchor body 200 is not flat. In some embodiments, some or all of these surfaces may be textured such as with a scallop shape or grooves so as to inhibit movement of spreader 300 once it is withdrawn into the anchor body. In some embodiments, texturing in the inner surfaces of anchor body 200 matches texturing in the outer surfaces of the spreader 300. It will be appreciated that the illustrated embodiments represent only one possibility; thus, other shapes for the surface of proximal end 210 may also be used.

The distal end 202 of the anchor body 200 is configured to receive the spreader 300. Hole 215 in anchor body 200 is an opening into a central (“axial”) bore into and through the anchor body 200. The sides of the opening preferably include a groove for engaging with the spreader 300. It will be appreciated that other methods of securing the spreader 300 within the anchor body 200 may be used, such as a frictional fit or threading.

The anchor body 200 is comprised of tines 220 which spread outwardly when engaged with the spreader 200. The tines 220 engage with the bone fixedly securing the anchor body 200 in the bone. The tines comprise a number of teeth 230 which further engage with the tissue and bone in the deployed tissue capture anchor 100. The number of tines 220 and teeth 230 can vary. In one embodiment, there are four tines 200 with five teeth 230 per tine 220. The proximal end 210 of the anchor body 200 is configured to receive an inserter component, which is inserted through the hole 215 in the center of the anchor body 200 and is coupled with a spreader 300.

The distal end 202 of the anchor body 200 may advantageously be tapered to facilitate insertion of the anchor body 200 into bone. The anchor body 200 has at its widest point, a diameter not larger than the widest point of the spreader 300.

FIGS. 2E and 2F depict an alternate embodiment of an anchor body 200. In this embodiment, the anchor body also comprises webbed portions 250 across the distal ends of the tines 230. These webs 250 are easily broken when the spreader 300 is engaged with the anchor body 200. The webs 250 protect against premature deployment of the anchor upon insertion into the bone by keeping the tines 220 intact until they are expanded via the spreader 300.

FIGS. 3A-3C depict one embodiment of a spreader 300 a with a pointed tip. FIGS. 3D-3F depict another embodiment of a spreader 300 b with a flat face and comprising a suture loop. FIGS. 3G-3L depict yet another embodiment of a spreader 300 b with a flat face comprising spikes protruding from the face.

FIG. 3A shows a side view of an embodiment of the spreader 300 a. FIG. 3B shows a perspective view of the spreader 300 a. The spreader 300 a comprises a generally cone-shaped 320 pointed distal end 302 and a proximal end 307 with a means for receiving an insertion tool 325, a central body 310, a ridge 315 and a narrow section 318. The distal end 302 further comprises a tip 305 for engaging the tissue. The proximal end 307 is configured for coupling with an inserter. For instance, in this embodiment, the proximal end 307 of the spreader 300 a comprises a hole 325 that receives the inserter tool for coupling.

The spreader 300 a further comprises central body 310 which gradually widens from the proximal end and forms a ridge 315 before it narrows again 318 and joins with proximal end of the tip 305. The distal end 302 is generally cone shaped 320, meaning that it gradually widens in a conical shape until it fits with the central body 310 at the site of the ridge 318. In some embodiments, the ridge 315 may be slightly undercut 322 which may result in a stronger lock in the bone when then the anchor is fully deployed.

The tip 305 of the spreader 300 a can be sharp and configured to spear or stab tissue and drag it into a bone hole before the tissue capture anchor 100 is deployed.

The spreader 300 a is configured to be drawn into the distal end of the anchor body 200 via an insertion tool. As the tissue capture anchor 100 is deployed, the spreader 300 is further advanced into the anchor body 200, spreading the tines 220 of the anchor body 200 until the ridge 315 of the spreader 300 a engages the groove 225 in the inside of the anchor body 200 at which point it locks into place. In one embodiment, the ridge 315 is undercut 322 providing even more security for reversing.

In another embodiment, the spreader 300 a further comprises a hole 325 that extends longitudinally through the spreader 300 a to the distal end. In this embodiment, the tip of the spreader 305 is open to allow the insertion tool to extend through the spreader 300 a. In some embodiments, the tip of the insertion tool will be pointed and/or sharp to assist in spearing tissue.

In one alternative embodiment, the spreader 300 a comprises a transverse through-hole configured to receive soft tissue. FIG. 3C depicts a side view of a spreader 300 a having the through-hole 395. In this embodiment, tissue is captured by the anchor by threading one or more tissue bundles (for example, single or double bundles of tendon) through the through-hole 395. When the anchor with threaded tissue bundles is inserted into bone, the tissue will follow a serpentine path along the sides of the anchor, through the through-hole 395, and back out of the bone. In these embodiments, tissue may be captured by only threading through the through-hole 395 or also by piercing with the tip 305 of the spreader 300 (for example, piercing of other bundles of soft tissue).

In some embodiments, the entire anchor may be enlarged to accommodate a suitably sized through-hole 395 in the spreader 300 a. In one non-limiting embodiment, an 8 mm diameter anchor with a 4 mm diameter through-hole 395 is used. In one embodiment, the through-hole is approximately 6 mm in diameter. Other sizes of through hole are contemplated.

FIG. 3D shows a side view of an embodiment of the spreader 300 b. FIG. 3E shows a perspective distal view of the spreader 300 b, and FIG. 3F shows a perspective proximal view. The spreader 300 b comprises a generally flat face at distal end 17 and a proximal end 307 with a means for receiving an insertion tool 325, a central body 310, and a ridge 315. The distal end 302 further comprises two holes 305 a and 305 b for receiving the limbs of a suture loop 390. The proximal end 307 is configured for coupling with an inserter. For instance, in this embodiment, the proximal end 307 of the spreader 300 b comprises a hole 325 that receives the inserter tool.

The spreader 300 b further comprises central body 310 which gradually widens from the proximal end and forms a ridge 315 around the face 317. The spreader 300 b comprises a tube shaped base 310 at the proximal end 307 with a axial bore 325 for receiving sutures 390 and an insertion tool, a generally conical shaped spreader at the distal end which is wider than the proximal end, and an optional ridge 315 at the tip of the distal end. The distal end can further comprise a flat area around the axial bore 325. The proximal end 307 is configured for receiving sutures and coupling with an inserter. For instance, in this embodiment, the proximal end 307 of the spreader 300 b comprises a hole 325 that receives the inserter tool for coupling and sutures 390.

The spreader 300 b comprises the base section which joins with the gradually expanding distal spreader end 302. The distal end is generally 310, meaning that it gradually widens in a conical shape from the base section to the distal end of the spreader 300 b, which comprises a flat area 317 and through which the axial bore 325 extends into two openings 305 a, 305 b. In one embodiment, the distal end may also comprise a ridge 315, which may optionally be slightly undercut 322 to result in a stronger lock in the bone anchor when the anchor is fully deployed.

The axial bore 325 may be used to receive sutures (see FIGS. 1 f-1J). In one embodiment, a loop of suture is secured through the axial bore 325 such that a loop of suture extends from the spreader for use in a surgical procedure. The distal end of the spreader 300 b comprises two openings 305 a, 305 b to the axial bore 325 through which the suture loop 390 extends. The resulting length of suture extends from the proximal end of the spreader through the axial bore 325 and through to the distal end where it is threaded through hole 305 a and then back through 305 b and back through the proximal end, forming a loop. The suture loop 390 extending through the distal end of the spreader 300 b is freely slidable, for example, such that it can be moved or adjusted back through the axial bore 325.

The spreader 300 b is configured to be drawn into the distal end of the anchor body 200 via an insertion tool. As the tissue capture anchor 100 is deployed, the spreader 300 b is further advanced into the anchor body 200, spreading the tines 220 of the anchor body 200 until the ridge 315 of the spreader 300 b engages the groove 225 in the inside of the anchor body 200 at which point it locks into place. In one embodiment, the ridge 315 is undercut 322 providing even more security against reversing.

As discussed above, the tines 220 in the anchor may be in a low-profile streamlined position prior to insertion into bone. A spreader 300 b is used after insertion to expand the tines 220 such that their teeth 225 engage bone. The spreader 300 b may comprise any suitable shape configured to be inserted through the axial bore 215 in the anchor body 200 and make contact with the tines 225. The spreader 300 b may be at least partially positioned within the axial bore of the anchor prior to tine expansion as depicted in FIG. 1G. As the spreader 300 b is moved from a first lower position to a second upper position, the proximal end of the spreader 300 b is designed to spread or force the tines 220 from a first low-profile position (for example, an internal lateral position) to a second external lateral position. In one embodiment, the proximal end of the spreader 300 b may have ridges to assist in preventing slippage or mis-alignment.

The spreader 300 b will remain in the anchor with the tines 220 in their fully spread position. The force provided by the tines' 220 interaction with the bone keeps the spreader 300 b tightly engaged. Further protection against slipping or tilting of the spreader 300 b is provided by the optionally ridged sides of the spreader 300 b. In one embodiment, the spreader 300 b may have ridges or indentations to assist in a tight fit such that accidental slipping or adjustments are minimized. In one embodiment, one or more of the tines 220 have an indentation on a side facing the central axis of the anchor. A ridge on the spreader can then engage the indentation, thereby stabilizing the spreader 300 b and preventing the spreader 300 b from being advanced too far into the anchor. In an alternative embodiment, the spreader comprises an indentation (for example, an indentation in a ridge on the spreader 300 b) that can engage with a protrusion on a side of a tine facing the central axis of the anchor. In addition to stabilizing the spreader 300 b and preventing over insertion, this feature also prevents rotation of the spreader 300 b relative to the anchor.

In this embodiment, tissue is captured by the anchor by threading one or more tissue bundles (for example, single or double bundles of tendon) through the suture loop 390. The suture loop is tightened around the tendon such that the tendon is secured to the face 317 of the spreader 300 b. Securing the tissue can be accomplished by pulling or advancing the suture loop so that it secured the tissue to the anchor 100. When the anchor with threaded tissue bundles is inserted into bone, the tissue is held in place at the distal end of the spreader and will be held secure against the sides of the bone hole and further secured by the expanded tines, as described herein, along the sides of the anchor, and back out of the bone. In these embodiments, tissue may be captured by only threading through the suture loop 390. In some embodiments, the suture loop may additionally comprise a knot on the end.

FIGS. 3G and 3H show perspective views of the twelve and four spike embodiments of the spreader 300 c. FIG. 3I shows a perspective view of a six-spike spreader and FIG. 3J shows a side view of a six-spike spreader. In these embodiments, and as specifically seen in FIG. 3J, the spreader 300 c comprises a generally flat-shaped face 317 at the distal end 302 and a proximal end 307 with a means for receiving an insertion tool 325, a central body 310 and a ridge 315. The distal end 302 further comprises spikes 319 for engaging the tissue. In this embodiment, the distal end comprises six spikes. In other embodiments, the tip can comprise from two to twelve spikes, as is practicable. The proximal end 307 is configured for coupling with an inserter. For instance, in this embodiment, the proximal end 307 of the spreader 300 c comprises a hole 325 that receives the inserter tool for coupling.

The spreader 300 c further comprises central body 310 which gradually widens from the proximal end to the distal end of the spreader 300 c, which comprises a flat area 317 and spikes 319. In one embodiment, the distal end may also comprise a ridge 315, which may optionally be slightly undercut 322 to result in a stronger lock in the bone anchor when the anchor is fully deployed.

The spikes 319 of the spreader 300 c can be sharp and configured to spear or stab tissue and drag it into a bone hole before the tissue capture anchor 100 is deployed. In other embodiments, the distal end of the spikes can be flat or rounded.

The spreader 300 c is configured to be drawn into the distal end of the anchor body 200 via an insertion tool. As the tissue capture anchor 100 is deployed, the spreader 300 c is further advanced into the anchor body 200, spreading the tines 220 of the anchor body 200 until the ridge 315 of the spreader 300 c engages the groove 225 in the inside of the anchor body 200 at which point it locks into place. In one embodiment, the ridge 315 is undercut 322 providing even more security against reversing.

As discussed above with regard to embodiments 300 a and 300 b, the tines 220 in the anchor may be in a low-profile streamlined position prior to insertion into bone. A spreader 300 c is used after insertion to expand the tines 220 such that their teeth 225 engage bone. The spreader 300 c may comprise any suitable shape configured to be inserted through the axial bore 215 in the anchor body 200 and make contact with the tines 225. The spreader 300 c may be at least partially positioned within the axial bore of the anchor prior to tine expansion as depicted in FIG. 3K. As the spreader 300 c is moved from a first lower position to a second upper position, the proximal end of the spreader 300 c is designed to spread or force the tines 220 from a first low-profile position (for example, an internal lateral position) to a second external lateral position. In one embodiment, the proximal end of the spreader 300 c may have ridges to assist in preventing slippage or mis-alignment.

As in the afore-mentioned embodiments, the spreader 300 c will remain in the anchor with the tines 220 in their fully spread position. The force provided by the tines' 220 interaction with the bone keeps the spreader 300 c tightly engaged. Further protection against slipping or tilting of the spreader 300 c is provided by the optionally ridged sides of the spreader 300 c. In one embodiment, the spreader 300 c may have ridges or indentations to assist in a tight fit such that accidental slipping or adjustments are minimized. In one embodiment, one or more of the tines 220 have an indentation on a side facing the central axis of the anchor. A ridge on the spreader can then engage the indentation, thereby stabilizing the spreader 300 c and preventing the spreader 300 c from being advanced too far into the anchor. In an alternative embodiment, the spreader comprises an indentation (for example, an indentation in a ridge on the spreader 300 c) that can engage with a protrusion on a side of a tine facing the central axis of the anchor. In addition to stabilizing the spreader 300 c and preventing over insertion, this feature also prevents rotation of the spreader 300 c relative to the anchor.

In this embodiment, tissue is captured by the anchor by capturing tissue (for example, single or double bundles of tendon) via the spikes on the face of the spreader. Securing the tissue can be accomplished by a spearing, stabbing, pushing or other method of securing the tissue to the anchor 100 and within the bone hole. When the tissue is engaged with the spikes 319 of the spreader and the anchor, the tissue bundles are inserted into bone and the tissue is held in place at the distal end of the spreader and will be held secure against the sides of the bone hole and further secured by the expanded tines, as described herein, along the sides of the anchor, and back out of the bone.

In one embodiment, the tissue capture anchor 100 is made entirely of a biocompatible engineering plastic such as polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK). Other embodiments include a tissue capture anchor entirely or in part of a non-metallic substance that is biocompatible. Biocompatible materials such as poly ether ketone (PEK), polyetherimide (ULTEM), ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMPE), polyphenylene, or some other engineering polymer materials known to those of skill in the art may be used. A non-metallic anchor system may provide certain advantages such as, for example, eliminating MRI artifacts.

FIG. 4 depicts individual components of an inserter tool. The inserter tool comprises an inner rod or tube 500, an outer tube 600, a handle body 700, a threaded actuator shaft 800, and a deployment knob 900. In some embodiments, the inserter 400 is coupled to the tissue capture anchor 100 during manufacturing. In one embodiment, the inserter tool is disposable.

The inserter tool 400 is designed to insert and manipulate a tissue capture anchor such the tissue capture anchor 100 described in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1F and 1G. In some embodiments, the tissue capture anchor 100 is manufactured to be attached to inserter tool before packaging. In other embodiments, the tissue capture anchor is coupled to the inserter tool prior to insertion. In a basic configuration, the inserter tool is assembled as follows: the inserter tool 400 is configured such that the inner rod 500 is disposed within the outer tube 600. The outer tube is configured to fit against the proximal end of the stabilizer. The inner rod 500 extends through outer tube 600 and is configured to attach to the spreader 300 via threading on both the proximal hole in the spreader 300 and threading on the distal end of the inner rod 500. The proximal end of the outer tube 600 is connected to a handle 700 and the inner rod 500 extends through the proximal end of the outer tube 600 and screws into the threaded actuator shaft 800. The actuator shaft 800 extends just past the proximal end of the handle 700 where it is configured to secure with a deployment knob 900.

The individual components of the inserter tool are further described in detail below.

FIG. 5 shows a perspective view and a side view of an embodiment of the inner rod 500, respectively. In some embodiments, the inner rod is an inner tube. The inner rod comprises a distal end configured to secure to the spreader 300, a proximal end which is configured to interact with the other components of the inserter, for instance the actuator shaft 800. The inner rod 500 is configured that a proximal end is advanced through the outer tube 600 and into the handle 700 where it is further secured within the actuator shaft 800 via threading. The distal end of the inner rod 500 is configured to be advanced through the central hole in the anchor body 200 and then secured to the spreader 300 until the tissue capture anchor 100 is fully deployed and the inner rod 500 is separated from the anchor 200.

The inner rod 500 extends through the central hole 225 in the anchor body 200 before coupling with the spreader 300. In one embodiment, the inner rod 500 couples with the spreader 300 through threads on the end of the inner rod 500 and within the proximal end of the spreader 300. In other embodiments, the inner rod 500 may couple to the spreader 300 through other securing mechanisms such as adhesives, welding or frictional fit.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of the outer tube 600. The outer tube 600 is attached at its proximal end 605 to the distal end of handle 700 via threading 625. The distal end 610 of the outer tube 600 is configured such that the inner rod 500 is drawn into the outer tube 600 and through the distal end 610 of outer tube 600 where it is secured to the spreader 300. When the inner tube 500 is advanced far enough that the spreader 300 locks into place or cannot advance anymore, the outer tube 600 distal surface is surface-to-surface with the proximal surface of the anchor body 200. When the inner rod 500 withdraws further into the outer tube upon the continued rotation of the deployment knob and advancement of the actuator shaft, the inner rod 500 strips the threading from the spreader 300 and the inserter tool 400 detaches from the anchor.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show embodiments of a handle body 700. FIG. 7A is a cut-away view of the handle body 700. The proximal end of the handle 700 is configured to receive the deployment knob 900 via the ridges 730 which hold the knob 900 secure. The actuator shaft 800 is housed within the handle body 700. A set of flat brackets or braces 710 secure the actuator shaft 800 within the handle 700. The distal end of the handle is configured to receive the outer tube 600 via threads 625 at opening 750. The outer tube 600 is permanently affixed to the handle 700 at its distal end.

FIG. 7B depicts a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a handle 700. In FIG. 7B the flat surface 715 of the bracket 710 is shown.

FIG. 8 depicts the threaded actuator shaft 800. The actuator shaft 800 is comprised of a distal end 805 comprising a threaded hole 810 which is configured to receive the inner rod 500, a second threaded portion 825 on the body of the shaft configured to advance the inner rod 500, and a proximal end 820 configured to secure within the deployment knob 900. The threading 825 of the actuator 800 has two flat areas 830, one on each side, where there is no threading. These flat areas 830 fit within the flat brackets 710 of the handle such that the actuator 800 cannot rotate within the handle.

The body of the actuator shaft 800 is configured with threading 825 to permit the shaft 800 to advance the inner tube 500. In some embodiments, the body of the actuator shaft 800 can comprise a variety of shapes and sizes. In some embodiments, the body of the actuator shaft 800 can have a round, ovular, rectangular, triangular, octagonal, or any other desired cross-section. In some embodiments, the body of the actuator shaft can comprise a variety of cross-sectional shapes. In some embodiments, the actuator shaft 800 can be round with flat portions. FIG. 8 depicts an embodiment in which the body of the actuator shaft 800 is round with flat sides 830 that are fit into the handle body 700 in such a way that the actuator shaft 800 cannot itself rotate when the deployment knob 900 is turned and the shaft 800 advances via knob 900. Thus, the threads do not go all the way around the shaft but rather flatten out on the flattened sides of the shaft. The actuator shaft is configured as a coaxial system. That is, the spreader 300, inner tube 500 and actuator 800 are configured to operate as one piece. The flat brackets 710 in the handle make the actuator shaft 800 stay on plane such that the actuator shaft 800 itself cannot rotate within the handle 700. The proximal end of the inner tube 500 couples with the distal end of the actuator shaft 800 via threading.

Moving to FIG. 9, a deployment knob 900 is shown. The deployment knob 900 comprises a central hole 910 which is configured with threading 905, and a groove 930 configured to be received by a corresponding ridge 730 of the handle 700. The threading 905 in the central hole 910 is configured to receive the actuator shaft 800. The deployment knob 900 is configured to advance, relative to the deployment knob 900, the inner rod 500 via the actuator shaft 800. The actuator shaft 800 is joined at its proximal end to the distal end of the deployment knob 900 via threading 905 in the central hole 910. The actuator shaft 800 is attached to the inner rod 500 by way of the proximal end of the inner rod 500 advancing into the distal end of the actuator shaft via threading so that when the deployment knob 900 is rotated, the mechanism of the shaft 800 advances the inner rod 500 proximally such that the spreader 300 is then advanced into the anchor body 200 to expand the anchor body 200 into bone and secure the tissue capture anchor 100.

In one embodiment, the deployment knob 900 is threaded 905 to receive the actuator shaft via the groove 930 of knob 900 fitting with the proximal end ridge 730 of the handle body 700 As the deployment handle is turned, the actuator shaft 800 is advanced in a proximal direction until the anchor body 200 is deployed and locked into place.

FIGS. 10-11 show a tissue capture anchor 100 coupled to the inserter tool 400. The tissue capture anchor 100 comprises the anchor body 200 and the spreader 300. The inserter tool 400, as shown, includes the outer tube 600, the handle 800 and the deployment knob 900. The inner rod 500 is positioned within the outer tube 600, and the outer tube is flush with the anchor body 200. The outer tube 600 may hold the anchor body 200 steady during insertion and deployment. The inner rod 500 extends through the anchor body 200 and couples with the spreader 300 via threading. The spreader 300 is configured to be advanced through the distal end of the anchor body 200 by the inner rod 500 via a rotating the deployment knob 900.

In another embodiment, the inner rod 500 extends through the spreader 300 which is configured such that the central hole 325 extends through the spreader tip 305. The inner rod 500 is configured with a sharp, pointed tip such that the tip of the inner rod 500 spears or captures tissue to secure into the bone hole before the anchor body 200 is fully deployed.

The inner rod 500 provides the mechanism to draw the spreader 300 into the central hole 225 in the anchor body 200 to fully expand the anchor body 200. During deployment of the tissue capture anchor 100, the inner rod 500 is continually advanced via a screwing motion until the spreader locks with the anchor body. As the deployment knob 900 continues to turn and the inner rod 500 continues to pull on the threads of the spreader 300, the inner rod 500 strips the threads from the inside of the spreader 300 and the insertion tool 400 releases from the anchor body 200. Any thread shavings are contained within the outer tube 600.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exploded view of the anchor 100 and the inserter 400. The tissue capture anchor 100 comprises the anchor body 200 and the spreader 300. The inserter tool 400, as shown, includes the outer tube 600, the handle 800 and the deployment knob 900. The inner rod 500 is positioned within the outer tube 600, and the outer tube is flush with the anchor body 200. The outer tube 600 may hold the anchor body 200 steady during insertion and deployment. The inner rod 500 extends through the anchor body 200 and couples with the spreader 300 via threading. The spreader 300 is configured to be advanced through the distal end of the anchor body 200 by the inner rod 500 via a rotating the deployment knob 900.

The inner rod 500 provides the mechanism to draw the spreader 300 into the central hole 225 in the anchor body 200 to fully expand the anchor body 200. During deployment of the tissue capture anchor 100, the inner rod 500 is continually advanced via a screwing motion until the spreader locks with the anchor body. As the deployment knob 900 continues to turn and the inner rod 500 continues to pull on the threads of the spreader 300, the inner rod 500 strips the threads from the inside of the spreader 300 and the insertion tool 400 releases from the anchor body 200. Any thread shavings are contained within the outer tube 600. Once the anchor is deployed, the sutures are then removed via pulling them free or else cut at the top of the anchor.

In some embodiments, a pre-attached delivery handle is provided. In some embodiments, the insertion tool or delivery handle is disposable. In other embodiments, the insertion tool can be sterilized, reloaded and reused.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate other inserters and mechanisms that may be used to insert and deploy the tissue capture anchor 100 described herein.

Although a particular inserter device for inserting and manipulating tissue capture anchor 100 has been described, it should be understood that other inserter designs may be used for manipulating the parts of tissue capture anchor 100 described above to insert the anchor into bone and tissue to the bone. For example, it may be possible to use separate tools for inserting the anchor and deploying the anchor.

It will be appreciated that there are numerous combinations of anchors and their placement that may be used to secure soft tissue to bone by the methods and devices described herein. These variations as well as variations in the design of the above described anchor devices and inserter devices are within the scope of the present disclosure.

Tissue Capture Anchor with Flat Sides and Suture Loop

In another embodiment, anchors as described herein are used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. In one embodiment, a femoral tunnel is drilled in the femur. One or two bundles of tendon are then fed through the suture loop 1390 of the spreader 1300. The anchor 1000 is then inserted into the bone and deployed as discussed below.

In various embodiments, soft tissue may be attached to bone utilizing one or more tissue capture anchors. In one non-limiting example, depicted in FIGS. 13A-13E, a suture loop is coupled to the distal end of the anchor. FIG. 13A depicts a side view of a tissue capture anchor 1000 comprising an anchor body 1200, a spreader 1300, and a suture loop 1390. The anchor body 1200 is comprised of tines 1220 and one or more teeth 1230. The tines 1220 expand from the distal end of the anchor body 1200 when the spreader 1300 is engaged with the anchor body 1200. The proximal end of the spreader 1300 is configured to fit around the outside of the proximal end 1202 of the anchor body 1200. In FIG. 13A, the tissue capture anchor 1000 is in the undeployed, or unexpanded position.

FIG. 13B shows a perspective view of the unexpanded tissue capture anchor 1000. In this embodiment, the anchor body 1200 is slightly inserted in the central hole 1215 at the proximal end of the spreader 1300.

FIG. 13C shows a side view of the tissue capture anchor 1000 in the deployed or expanded position. In the deployed or expanded position, the spreader 1300 has been drawn up in between the tine 1220 causing them to expand from the distal end of the anchor body 1200 through openings in the spreader 1300. When deployed, the one or more teeth 1230 engage with the bone surface trapping tissue between the bone and the bone anchor 1000.

The distal end of the anchor body 1200 may comprise a grooved surface 1225 to engage with the ridge 1325 of the spreader 1300 to lock the spreader 1300 into place when the anchor body 1200 is fully deployed. The grooved surface 1225 is oriented such that the distal end of the spreader 1300 can be easily moved in the proximal direction in between the tines 1230. The spreader 1300 fits over the proximal end of the anchor body 1200, via the central hole 1315 of the spreader 1300 with the ridge 1325 snapping into the groove 1225 as the distal end of the spreader 1300 is moved proximally. However, when the ridge 1325 is snapped into groove 1225, proximal movement of distal end is inhibited. In some embodiments, the groove 1225 can exist at different locations of the surface of the central hole or else even along substantially the entire surface of the central hole 1215. In some embodiments the anchor body 1200 may be coupled to the spreader 1300 in several positions. In other words, in one embodiment the spreader 300 need not be inserted over the anchor body 1200 as far as it will go for it to be secured to the anchor body 1200.

It will be appreciated that other shapes are also contemplated, including multiple concentric grooves, a series of protruding ridges, or any other suitable structure that permits an anchor 1200 to be securely locked within the central hole of the spreader 1300.

With reference to FIG. 13D, which is a perspective view of the top and side of anchor body 1200 engaged with the spreader 1300, the top (proximal end) of the spreader 1300 comprises a hole 1315 in the center for receiving the anchor body 1200. In some embodiments, the top surface 1318 of the spreader 1300 may be textured such as with a scallop shape or grooves so as to inhibit movement of an insertion tool against the surface of the spreader.

During deployment, the spreader 1300 is drawn proximally in between the tines 1230 causing them to expand from the distal end of the anchor body 1200. Also during deployment, the spreader 1300 is drawn proximally until the ridge 1325 of the spreader 1300 passes a groove 1225 in the anchor body 1200. When the spreader passes this point, the ridge 1325 and groove 1225 engage or click and the spreader 1300 is locked into place and the anchor body 1200 cannot undeploy or reverse and the spreader 1300 cannot reverse direction.

FIG. 13E shows a distal end view of the tissue capture anchor 1000. In this view the anchor body 1200 is fully deployed. The spreader 1300 is securedly fixed between the tines 1230 and the ridge 1325 and groove 1225 of the anchor body 1200 will keep the spreader 1300 from being uninserted or reversed from the anchor body 1200. The tines 1220 are fully expanded. Since the teeth 1230 are facing the opposite direction from the view of FIG. 13E, only their edges are visible along the edges of the tines 1220.

FIGS. 14A-14D depict an embodiment of an undeployed anchor body 1200. FIG. 14A depicts a side view of the anchor body 1200. FIG. 14B depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of the anchor body 1200. FIG. 14C depicts a view from the proximal end, or base, of the anchor body 1200, and FIG. 14D depicts a perspective view from the distal end, or tines, of the anchor body 1200. The proximal end of the undeployed anchor body 1200 is generally comprised of a slightly rectangular shaped structure which is flat on at least two sides. The anchor body 1200 tapers distally into at least two tines. The anchor body 1200 generally comprises a shape complementary with the spreader, with flat sides and with a diameter larger than distal end 1202. In some embodiments, the proximal end of the anchor body is rounded. In other embodiments, the proximal end of the anchor body is rectangular. With reference to FIGS. 14B-14D, a hole 1215 may advantageously be provided in the center of proximal end 1210. With reference to FIG. 14B, the bottom of distal end 1202 includes two tines 1200, or projections which originate from about half to a third of the way distally from the proximal end of the bone anchor 1200. At the point where the tines begin to project from the proximal end of the anchor body, is the other end of hole 1215. Central hole 1215 comprises a central opening that extends through the anchor body 1200. In some embodiments the anchor body 1200 comprises a groove 1225 in its inner surface, as shown in FIGS. 14C-14D. Thus, the inner surface of the anchor body 1200 is not flat. In some embodiments, some or all of these surfaces may be textured such as with a scallop shape or grooves so as to inhibit movement of the wedge portion 1399 of spreader 1300 once it is withdrawn into the anchor body. In some embodiments, texturing in the outer surfaces of anchor body 1200 matches texturing in the inner surfaces of the spreader 1300. It will be appreciated that the illustrated embodiments represent only one possibility; thus, other shapes for the surface of proximal end 1210 may also be used.

During assembly, the distal end 1202 of the anchor body 1200 is configured to be received within the proximal end of spreader 1300. Hole 1215 in anchor body 1200 is an opening into a central (“axial”) bore into and through the proximal end of the anchor body 1200.

The sides of the tines 1220 preferably include a groove for engaging with the spreader 1300. It will be appreciated that other methods of securing the wedge portion 1399 of the spreader 1300 within the anchor body 1200 may be used, such as a frictional fit or threading.

The anchor body 1200 is comprised of one or more tines 1220 which spread outwardly when engaged with the spreader 1200. In one embodiment shown in these figures, there are two tines. The tines 1220 engage with the bone, fixedly securing the anchor body 1200 in the bone. The tines comprise a number of teeth 1230 which further engage with the tissue and bone in the deployed tissue capture anchor 1000. The number of tines 1220 and teeth 1230 can vary. In one embodiment, there are two tines 1200 with one tooth 1230 per tine 1220. The proximal end 1210 of the anchor body 1200 is configured to receive an inserter component, which is inserted through the hole 1215 in the center of the anchor body 1200 and is coupled with a spreader 1300. In one embodiment, the spreader is attached and deployed as disclosed above.

FIG. 15A shows a side view of an embodiment of the spreader 1300. FIG. 15B shows a perspective view of the spreader 1300. The spreader 1300 comprises a generally inwardly curved face at distal end 1317 and a proximal end 1307 comprising an axial bore 1315 for receiving an insertion tool 400, a central body 1310, a triangular-shaped expander portion 1399, and a ridge 1325. The distal end 1302 further comprises two holes 1305 a and 1305 b for receiving a suture loop 1390. The proximal end of the wedge 1399 is configured for coupling with an inserter. In one embodiment, the inserter used is as described above. For instance, in this embodiment, the proximal end 1307 of the spreader 1300 comprises a hole 1315 that receives the inserter tool for coupling.

The distal end 1302 of the spreader 1300 may advantageously be tapered to facilitate insertion of the spreader 1300 into bone.

The spreader 1300 further comprises central body 1310 which gradually narrows from the proximal end The distal portion of the spreader forms a ridge (or groove) 1325 just proximal to the curved face at distal end 1317. The distal end 1302 of spreader 1300 comprises axial bores 1305 a and 1305 b for receiving sutures 1390 and axial bore 1315 which optionally receives an insertion tool. The distal end comprises a rounded area 1317 for securing tissue in place. The proximal end 1307 is configured for coupling with an anchor body 1200 and optionally receives an inserter. For instance, in this embodiment, the proximal end 1307 of the spreader 1300 comprises a hole 1315 that receives the anchor body 1200. In one embodiment, sutures 1390 are received into one of holes 1305 a and 1305 b from a location exterior to the inserter, looped, threaded into the other of holes 1305 a and 1305 b and returned along the exterior of the insertion tool to the proximal end of the insertion tool where the surgeon can secure the sutures 1390.

The spreader 1300 comprises a proximal section comprising a hole for receiving the bone anchor 1200. The spreader 1300 comprises a distal section which further comprises a wedge 1399 at the interior distal end of the spreader. This distal portion of the spreader including the wedge-shaped portion 1399 is configured to fit between the tines 1220 of the anchor and advance the tines outward as the insertion tool deploys the anchor 1000.

In one embodiment, a loop of suture is secured through the axial bores 1305 a and 1305 b from a location exterior to the insertion tool such that a loop of suture extends from the spreader for use in a surgical procedure. The distal end of the spreader 1300 comprises two openings 1305 a, 1305 b through which the suture loop 1390 extends. The resulting length of suture extends from the proximal end of the inserter tool 400 to the distal end where the suture 1390 is threaded through hole 1305 a forms a loop, and then back through 1305 b and extending once again to the proximal end of the insertion tool. The suture loop 1390 extending through the distal end of the spreader 1300 is freely slidable, for example, such that it can be moved or adjusted back through the holes 1305 a and 130 b. In one alternate embodiment, the axial bore 1315 may be used to receive sutures.

The spreader 1300 is configured to be drawn in between the tines 1220 via an insertion tool. As the tissue capture anchor 1000 is deployed, the spreader 1300 is advanced, such that the wedge shaped portion 1399 of spreader 1300 is advanced between the tines 1220 of the distal end of anchor body 1200, spreading the tines 1220 of the anchor body 1200 until the ridge 1325 of the spreader 1300 engages the groove 1225 in the inside of the anchor body 1200 at which point it locks into place. In one embodiment, the ridge 1325 is undercut 1322 providing even more security for reversing.

As discussed above, the tines 1220 in the anchor may be in a low-profile streamlined position prior to insertion into bone. A spreader 1300 is used after insertion to expand the tines 1220 such that their one or more teeth 1225 engage bone. The wedge portion 1399 of the spreader 1300 may comprise any suitable shape configured to be inserted through the axial bore 1215 in the anchor body 1200 and make contact with the tines 1220. The wedge portion 1399 of the spreader 1300 may be at least partially positioned within the axial bore of the bone anchor prior to tine expansion as depicted in FIG. 13B. As the spreader 1300 is moved from a first lower position to a second upper position, the proximal end of the wedge 1399 of spreader 1300 is designed to spread or force the tines 1220 from a first low-profile position (for example, an internal lateral position) to a second external lateral position. In one embodiment, the proximal end of the spreader 1300 may have ridges to assist in preventing slippage or mis-alignment.

The spreader 1300 will remain in a locked position with the anchor body 1200 with the tines 1220 in their fully spread position. The force provided by the tines' 1220 expansion and compression interaction with the bone walls keeps the spreader 1300 tightly engaged. Further protection against slipping or tilting of the spreader 1300 is provided by the optionally ridged sides of the spreader 1300. In one embodiment, the spreader 1300 may have ridges or indentations to assist in a tight fit such that accidental slipping or adjustments are minimized. In one embodiment, one or more of the tines 1220 have an indentation on a side facing the central axis of the anchor. A ridge on the spreader can then engage the indentation, thereby stabilizing the spreader 1300 and preventing the spreader 1300 from being advanced too far into the anchor. In an alternative embodiment, the spreader comprises an indentation (for example, an indentation in a ridge on the spreader 1300) that can engage with a protrusion on a side of a tine facing the central axis of the anchor. In addition, to stabilizing the spreader 1300 and preventing over insertion, this feature also prevents rotation of the spreader 1300 relative to the anchor.

In this embodiment, tissue is captured by the anchor by threading one or more tissue bundles (for example, single or double bundles of tendon) through the suture loop 1390. The suture loop is secured around the tendon such that the tendon is secured to or within the curved portion 1317 of the spreader 1300. When the anchor with threaded tissue bundles is inserted into bone, the tissue is held into place at the distal end of the spreader and will be held secure against the sides of the bone hole and further secured by the expanded tines, as described herein, along the sides of the anchor, and back out of the bone. In these embodiments, tissue may be captured by only threading through the suture loop 1390

In the embodiment, the tissue capture anchor 1000 is made entirely of a biocompatible engineering plastic such as polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK). Other embodiments include a tissue capture anchor entirely or in part of a non-metallic substance that is biocompatible. Biocompatible materials such as poly ether ketone (PEK), polyetherimide (ULTEM), ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMPE), polyphenylene, or some other engineering polymer materials known to those of skill in the art may be used. A non-metallic anchor system may provide certain advantages such as, for example, eliminating MRI artifacts.

The inserter tool shown in FIG. 4 depicts individual components of an inserter tool used in conjunction with the anchor 1000. The inserter tool comprises an inner rod or tube 500, an outer tube 600, a handle body 700, a threaded actuator shaft 800, and a deployment knob 900. In some embodiments, the inserter 400 is coupled to the tissue capture anchor 1000 during manufacturing. In one embodiment, the inserter tool is disposable.

The inserter tool 400 is designed to insert and manipulate a tissue capture anchor such the tissue capture anchor 1000 described in FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B. In some embodiments, the tissue capture anchor 1000 is manufactured to be attached to the inserter tool before packaging. In other embodiments, the tissue capture anchor is coupled to the inserter tool prior to insertion. In a basic configuration, the inserter tool is assembled as follows: the inserter tool 400 is configured such that the inner rod 500 is disposed within the outer tube 600. The outer tube is configured to fit against the proximal end of the anchor body 1300. The inner rod 500 extends through outer tube 600 and is configured to attach to the spreader 300 via threading within the hole in the spreader 300 and threading on the distal end of the inner rod 500. The proximal end of the outer tube 600 is connected to a handle 700 and the inner rod 500 extends through the proximal end of the outer tube 600 and screws into the threaded actuator shaft 800. The actuator shaft 800 extends just past the proximal end of the handle 700 where it is configured to secure with a deployment knob 900. Suture 390 is threaded through the around the cleat in the handle and is permitted to freely extend down the exterior of the outer tube to the distal end of the spreader where it is threaded through holes 1305 a and 1305 b forming a loop and extending back up the length of the outer tube to the proximal end of the inserter tool. In some embodiments, the suture 1390 is wound around the cleat on the handle.

The individual components of the inserter tool are described above, and illustrated in FIGS. 5-9.

FIG. 16A shows an exploded view of the tissue capture anchor and the inserter. FIG. 16B shows a tissue capture anchor 1000 coupled to the inserter tool 400. The tissue capture anchor 1000 comprises the anchor body 1200 and the spreader 1300. The inserter tool 400, as shown, includes the outer tube 600, the handle 800 and the deployment knob 900. The inner rod 500 is positioned within the outer tube 600, and the outer tube is flush with the anchor body 1200. The outer tube 600 may hold the anchor body 1200 steady during insertion and deployment. The inner rod 500 extends through the anchor body 1200 and couples with the spreader 1300 via threading. The spreader 1300 is configured to be advanced through the distal end of the anchor body 1200 by the inner rod 500 via rotating the deployment knob 900.

The inner rod 500 provides the mechanism to draw the spreader 1300 into the central hole 1225 in the anchor body 1200 to fully expand the anchor body 1200. During deployment of the tissue capture anchor 1000, the inner rod 500 is continually advanced via a screwing motion until the spreader locks with the anchor body. As the deployment knob 900 continues to turn and the inner rod 500 continues to pull on the threads of the spreader 1300, the inner rod 500 strips the threads from the inside of the spreader 1300 and the insertion tool 400 releases from the anchor body 1200. Any thread shavings are contained within the outer tube 600.

In some embodiments, a pre-attached delivery handle is provided. In some embodiments, the insertion tool or delivery handle is disposable. In other embodiments, the insertion tool can be sterilized, reloaded and reused.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate other inserters and mechanisms that may be used to insert and deploy the tissue capture anchors 100 and 1000 described herein.

Although a particular inserter device for inserting and manipulating tissue capture anchors 100 and 1000 have been described, it should be understood that other inserter designs may be used for manipulating the parts of tissue capture anchors 100 and 1000 described above to insert the anchor into bone and tissue to the bone. For example, it may be possible to use separate tools for inserting the anchor and securing tissue capture anchor.

It will be appreciated that there are numerous combinations of anchors and their placement that may be used to secure soft tissue to bone by the methods and devices described herein. These variations as well as variations in the design of the above described anchor devices and inserter devices are within the scope of the present disclosure.

Methods of Attaching Soft Tissue to Bone

Various embodiments include methods for attaching soft tissue to bone. In some embodiments, the methods include using the tissue capture anchors described above. In one embodiment, a biceps tenodesis procedure is performed arthroscopically. In other embodiments, the biceps tenodesis procedure is performed sub-pectorally.

FIGS. 17A and 17B depict illustrations of the anatomy of the biceps and the anatomy of the shoulder. FIG. 17A is an anatomical illustration of an arm 1700. The arm 1700 includes the shoulder 1702, the upper arm 1704, and the lower arm 1706. FIG. 17A further illustrates the biceps 1708 which includes the biceps muscle 1710 and the biceps tendon 1712. As depicted in FIG. 17A, the biceps muscle 1710 is in the front of the upper arm 1704 and helps with bending the elbow and rotating the arm 1700, and also helps keep the shoulder 1702 stable. The biceps 1708 works mostly at the elbow to cause flexion of the elbow, which occurs during a curling motion, for example, during a curl as in weightlifting or when lifting anything upward towards the face. The biceps 1708 is unique because it attaches to the radius bone across the elbow and also attaches through two heads to the humerus and the scapula. Thus, it crosses both the shoulder and the elbow.

FIG. 17B is an illustration of the anatomy of the shoulder 1702, and illustrates the biceps tendon 1712. The biceps tendon 1712 has a long head 1714 and a short head 1716. FIG. 17B further illustrates the humerous 1718 and the glenoid socket 1720 of the shoulder 1702. The long head 1714 of the biceps tendon runs in a groove at the top of the humerus 1718, and it sits almost 90 degrees over the humeral head before it attaches to the top of the glenoid socket 1720. It attaches to the glenoid socket 1720 through the labrum, which is anchoring point composed of cartilage. The labrum attachment is analogous to a cleat on a dock around which a rope (biceps tendon 1712) would attach. The long head 1714 of the biceps tendon 1712 is more likely to be injured. This is because it is vulnerable as it travels through the shoulder joint to its attachment point in the glenoid socket 1712. Fortunately, the biceps tendon 1712 has two attachments at the shoulder 1702.

Considerations for a biceps tendon repair include achieving the proper tension, fixation strength and minimal disruption of the tendon. The procedures described in this disclosure advantageously are simple, fast, optimize tendon to bone interface, afford adequate initial fixation strength, maintain the appropriate length tension relationship of the biceps tendon 1712 during rehab until healing occurs and minimize tendon fiber disruption. The methods and procedures described herein also advantageously allow suture to be captured within the surgical site without the tendon having to be removed from the site, or body. Additionally, after the anchor is inserted but not deployed, if the tension needs to be adjusted, the surgeon can remove the anchor and reposition or change the tissue capture location and then reinsert the anchor. In one embodiment, after the anchor is inserted, the tissue is positioned along one side of the anchor, underneath the distal end of the anchor, and then up along the other side of the anchor. (For example, see FIGS. 21, 23E, F, G, H, I). Thus, in some embodiments, the tissue wraps approximately 180 degrees in an axial direction around the anchor. This can be achieved due to the fact that the anchor does not require rotation to secure it in place.

Generally one of two types of surgeries is performed using the anchors disclosed herein, arthroscopic and open surgery. Concerns taken into consideration when choosing a method include a reluctance to exteriorize the tendon, difficulty in whip stitching or securing the stitching, and evidence suggesting that sub pectoral placement is a better location for the repair.

Recent studies have favored sub pectoral methods for several reasons: efficient and reproducible method with an easy learning curve, with no violation of muscle tendon units and preservation of soft tissue; the relevant anatomy is clearly identified, and the length-tension of proximal biceps tendon 1712 can be reproduced; this technique removes the tendon from the confines of the intertubercular groove, a region lined with synovium and a (which may be cause of persistent pain) possible source of continued tenosynovitis and pain; and tenodesis in a distal location free from synovium and residual tendon disease.

The anchor 100 and inserter tool 400 described herein are intended for the reattachment of ligament, tendon, or soft tissue to bone for at least the following indications or conditions of the shoulder: Bankart lesion repairs, SLAP lesion repairs, acromio-clavicular separation repairs, rotator cuff repairs, capsular shift or capsulolabral reconstructions, biceps tenodesis, deltoid repairs.

A biceps tenodesis is a procedure that cuts the normal attachment of the biceps tendon 1712 on the glenoid socket 1720 and reattaches the tendon to the bone of the humerus 1718 (arm bone). By performing a biceps tenodesis, the pressure of the biceps attachment is taken off the cartilage rim of the glenoid socket 1720 (the labrum), and a portion of the biceps tendon 1712 can be surgically removed. Essentially a biceps tenodesis moves the attachment of the biceps tendon 1712 to a position that is out of the way of the shoulder joint.

A biceps tenodesis is often, but not always, performed in patients with significant biceps tendon symptoms, and evidence at the time of arthroscopy of biceps tendon inflammation or tears.

The procedure using a tissue capture anchor described herein merely requires drilling the bone hole and capturing the tendon with the anchor and dragging the tendon into the bone hole. In some embodiments, a further advantage when using an awl to make the bone hole is that the whole procedure can be percutaneous. The advantages of tenodesis over suture anchors include less time, more accuracy and easy positioning, lower cost, and healing on top of the bone versus healing inside the bone.

In one example method, the procedure is performed arthroscopically. In one embodiment, a 6 mm PEEK tissue capture anchor is used, although different sizes and materials may be used. In some instances the hole into which the tissue capture anchor will be inserted is made by making a clearance hole for the anchor in the superior portion of the bicipital groove 1105 using a drill bit or suitably sized awl. In one embodiment, the hole is made by the spreader 300 tip after the spreader 300 captures the tissue to be secured. The hole may also be made in any other suitable position depending on pathology of the tendon, etc. FIGS. 18A and 18B show different views of the bicipital groove and surrounding bone of the shoulder and biceps. The bicipital groove is a furrow on the upper part of the humerus occupied by the long head of the biceps and is also called the intertubercular groove. In some embodiments a 7 mm drill bit is used; however in other embodiments, a different sized drill bit can be used. In one embodiment, the clearance hole can range from 5 mm wide to 9 mm wide. In other embodiments, the size of the clearance hole will vary, as the size depends on the size of the anchor. Depending on the softness of the bone and the size of the anchor, the hole can be from 8 mm-22 mm deep. For example, in one embodiment, a 6 mm tissue capture anchor is used, and for soft bone, the hole can be at least 11 mm deep. For average bone, the hole can be approximately 10-12 mm deep. For very soft bone, the hole can be approximately 20 mm.

FIGS. 19-21 depict one method of using an anchor to secure a tendon to a bone. In this method, the implantation site is cleared of any soft tissue in the region of the bone hole using a bur or other suitable means. When the hole in the bone is pre-drilled, the hole is advantageously drilled with a diameter smaller than the diameter of anchor body 200 and spreader 300 so that the tines can engage the bone through the sides of the hole. Angled protrusions or teeth may be used that provide greater resistance to removal of the anchor body 200 than to insertion. FIG. 19 shows one embodiment of the insertion of a tendon 1900 and anchor 100 into a bone 1902. As shown in FIG. 19, the tendon 1900 will then be captured by the anchor 100 and forced into the clearance hole. As shown in FIG. 20, the anchor 100 is deployed in the clearance hole in the bone 1902. As shown in FIG. 21, the tendon 1900 is essentially folded around the anchor 100 longitudinally resulting in a double surface contact. As described above, the tendon 1900 may be captured using a variety of methods including spearing with the anchor 100 of FIG. 1A, threading tissue through the through-hole in the anchor of FIG. 3C, threading tissue through the suture loop in the anchors of FIGS. 1G and 13C, and engaging with a plurality of spikes 319 shown in FIG. 3J.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, the shoulder preparation is as that used by Richards and Bruthkhart (“A Biomechanical Analysis of Two Biceps Tenodesis Fixation Techniques” Arthoscopy. The Journal OF Arthroscopic and Related Surgery Vol. 21, No 7 (July), 2005: pp 861-866) which is incorporated by herein by reference in its entirety. The shoulder will undergo soft tissue dissection to the level of the rotator cuff. At this point, the surpraspinatus tendon insertion is reflected by sharp dissection and the long head biceps tendon inspected for any evidence of pathology. The tendon of the LHB is then sharply incised, freeing from its intra-articular origin at the superior aspect of the glenoid as well as dividing it as the musculotendinous junction so that the biceps tendon is a free segment. In other embodiments, other methods of shoulder preparation are used.

Repairs are complete by drilling a clearance hole for the anchor in the superior portion of the bicipital groove using a standard drill bit. As shown in FIGS. 19-21, the tendon will then be captured by the anchor and forced in to the clearance hole and the anchor placed to capture the tendon. The tendon will be essentially folded around the anchor longitudinally, resulting in a double surface contact. The proximal surface of the anchor will be situated flush with the cortical surface.

Sub-Pectoral Method

One embodiment is a sub-pectoral approach. In preparation, the patient's neck can be positioned to avoid extremes of flexion and extension. The patient can be positioned laterally, with either a bean bag or a wedge in the lateral position, or in a beach chair position, as is normally for an arthroscopy procedure. The patient's arm, shoulder, and axilla should be prepped and draped to allow changes in arm position during the procedure.

The incision can be made by performing a tenotomy at the base of the biceps insertion with either a skinny biter or arthroscopic scissors. The biceps tendon does not have to be tagged or marked at this time.

At this point, the arthroscopic portion of the procedure is complete, and the patient can be taken out of balanced suspension. The arm can be abducted and externally rotated to allow access to the anterior aspect of the axilla (it is helpful to airplane the bed towards the surgeon). The arm can also be placed on a padded mayo stand. Abducting the arm puts the pectoral major muscle tension to help better determine placement of the incision. An incision cut of approximately 3-4 cm can be made beginning at the superior aspect of the axillary fold and running laterally along the medical edge of the biceps muscle. The incision 2200 can be centered on the inferior border of the pectoralis major muscle through the subcutaneous tissue and exposing the fascia of the inferior muscular border of the pectoralis major muscle and the short head of the biceps. (FIG. 22A).

The plane between the pectoralis and short head biceps muscle can be bluntly developed. Dissecting scissors can be used to open the fascia of the short head of the biceps on the lateral most aspect of the muscle. Once adequately opened, blunt dissection can be made down to the long head of the biceps tendon 1712 (LHB) and intertubercular groove (bicipital groove) which will lie reliably deep and lateral to the short head muscle belly. A Homan retractor can be placed subperiosteally, laterally and medially around the humerus.

Care should be taken to avoid excessive medical retraction which may place the musculocutaneous nerve at risk. The tendon should be at the base of the humerus between retractors. The LHB will have a thin layer of fascial tissue overlying it. Internal and external rotation of the arm to palpate the bicipital groove to assist in identifying the tendon may be helpful. A curved hemostat 2202 can be used to hook the biceps tendon 1712 and remove it from the groove to bring it into the incision 2200. (FIG. 22B).

The superior border of the pectoralis major insertion, which marks the level for the tenodesis can be identified at about 1-2 cm distal to the base of the bicipital groove. In one embodiment, electrocautery can be used to remove the soft tissue overlying the humerus in this area.

Preparation of the biceps tenodesis site includes drilling a guide pin into the humerus at the appropriate position just inferior to the bicipital groove with a either a 7 or 8 mm reamer over the guide pin and drilling an unicortical socket through the anterior cortex of the humerus to a depth of 20 mm. The size of the reamer will depend on the diameter of the tendon. Penetration of the posterior cortex of the humerus should be avoided. The reamer and guide pin can then be removed. In one embodiment, an electrocautery device or ronguer can be used to remove any soft tissue from the surrounding edge of the socket which will also help facilitate insertion of the implant.

Applying tension can have the effect of centering the tendon over the socket and can generally corresponds to a position approximately 1-2 cm proximal to the musculotendinous junction. Appropriate tension can be applied to reproduce normal tendon tension and biceps contour. In one embodiment, fully extending the arm will help to determine the appropriate position at which the tendon will enter the socket. This area can be marked on the tendon 1712 with a marking pen 2204. (FIG. 22C). In other embodiments, the location of the mark can be determined based on a known length of the anchor due to the fact that the tendon will be secured to the distal end of anchor.

Insertion and delivery of the anchor/implant can be accomplished by placing the tendon through the loop of suture extending from the anchor and aligning it with the mark previously placed on the tendon. In one embodiment, this should be about 1-2 cm just above the musculotendinous junction. Tension can be applied to the suture loop 390 and/or the suture forming the suture loop 390 can be pulled on and secured in the handle cleat, thereby engaging the tendon 1712. (FIG. 22D). During implant insertion the same axial direction as the previously drilled socket should be maintained. (FIGS. 22C and 22E).

The implant can be positioned into place until the depth marker 2206 on the delivery handle is flush with the surrounding humeral cortex 2208. In one embodiment, it may be beneficial to slightly tap on the end of the delivery device with a mallet if the biceps tendon 1712 is large and bulbous. (FIG. 22E).

To deploy the anchor, the deployment knob 900 is turned clockwise which deploys the anchor (also referred to as an implant) and disengages the delivery shaft from the anchor/implant. As the knob is turning, increased resistance occurs. (FIG. 22F). The deployment knob 900 should continue to turn until an audible snap occurs. (FIG. 22G). The audible snap indicates the implant has disengaged from the delivery handle. The delivery handle can now be removed and deployment is complete. (FIG. 22H showing the incision 220 and the competed deployment). At this time, the sliding suture may be removed by simply pulling on the suture. Alternatively, multiple half-hitches can be tied to back up the tenodesis procedure.

Closure may be done by using a knife to remove any excess tendon by cutting the remaining proximal tendon from the superior aspect of the tunnel as it exits the implant tunnel interface. The wound is irrigated and the retractors are removed, allowing the pectoralis major to cover the tenodesis site. The wound is closed by using a standard layered closure of both subcutaneous and skin layers.

Arthroscopic Method

Another embodiment includes a surgical method for Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis. In this method, the patient is placed in either the lateral decubitus or beach chair position. Standard anatomical shoulder landmarks can be outlined.

Portals and preparation for arthroscopic repair can then be made. Through standard arthroscopic portals, glenohumeral joint pathology are addressed prior to performing biceps tenodesis. If required, rotator cuff repair can be performed after tenodesis to facilitate biceps tendon visualization. Using a percutaneous device, the biceps tendon 1712 can be tagged with a lasso stitch 2302 and then the biceps tendon 1712 can be detached from its superior labral attachment. (FIG. 23A.). Using needle localization, an anterior-lateral portal 2304 perpendicular to the intertubercular groove between the anterior supraspinatus and the superior subscapularis tendons is established. (FIG. 23B). In some embodiments, a posterior portal 2306 and/or a lateral portal 2308 can also be established. With the arthroscope in the posterior portal 2306 or anterior-lateral portal 2304, the interval tissue over the intertubercular groove is excised, exposing the biceps tendon. Care should be taken not to damage rotator cuff (if intact) or the suture controlling the biceps tendon 1712.

Preparation of the biceps tenodesis site is done by detaching the biceps tendon 1712 about 1 cm proximal to the tagging suture 2302 and allowing the biceps tendon 1712 to retract slightly to expose the proximal intertubercular groove. Electrocautery can be used to remove the soft tissue overlying the humerus 1718 in this area. FIG. 23C shows the biceps tendon 1712 and the tagging suture 2302. A humeral socket 2310 approximately 30 mm deep (FIG. 23C) can be created using a standard 7.0 mm or 8.0 mm cannulated reamer over a guide pin.

FIG. 23D shows the biceps tendon 1712, the tagging suture 2302, the anchor 100, and the humeral socket 2310. The anchor 100 is inserted through the anterior-lateral cannula. Using the anchor's 100 conical tip and the tagging suture 2302, the biceps tendon 1712 is manipulated with the desired tension over the center of the humeral socket 2310. (FIG. 23D).

The tension on the biceps tendon 1712 should be released (whether using a grasper or tagging suture 2302) when pushing the biceps tendon 1712 into the prepared humeral socket 2310 to allow it to slide into the humeral socket 2310 more easily. The anchor 100 can be driven into place until the surface of humerus cortical bone is even with the black laser marking 2312. (FIG. 23E, which shows the biceps tendon 1712, the tagging suture 2302, the anchor 100, and the humeral socket 2310). Once at the depth of the laser mark 2312, the anchor 100 is ready for deployment.

Deployment/disengagement: of the anchor 100, or implant, is accomplished by turning the deployment knob of the inserter clockwise to deploy the implant and to disengage the delivery shaft from the implant. (FIG. 23F, which shows the biceps tendon 1712, the tagging suture 2302, the anchor 100, the humeral socket 2310, and the marking 2312). As the deployment knob is turning, resistance increases. The deployment knob 900 should be turned until an audible snap is heard. (FIG. 23G). The audible snap indicates the implant has disengaged from the delivery handle.

The delivery handle can now be removed and deployment is complete. (FIG. 23H, which shows the biceps tendon 1712, the tagging suture 2302, the anchor 100, the humeral socket 2310, and the marking 2312). Once the anchor 100 is completely installed, the elbow is flexed and extended to confirm a stable fixation of the biceps tendon 1712. Excess tendon, including the tagging suture 2302, is trimmed. (FIG. 23I, which shows the biceps tendon 1712, the anchor 100, and the humeral socket 2310). Standard closing procedures can be used.

In another embodiment, anchors as described below are used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. In this embodiment, a femoral tunnel is drilled in the bone. One or two bundles of hamstring tendon are captured by the anchor. The anchor is then inserted into the bone and deployed as discussed above. As described above, the tendon may be captured using a variety of methods including spearing with the anchor of FIG. 1A, threading tissue through the through-hole in the anchor of FIG. 3C, and threading tissue through the suture loop in the anchors of FIGS. 1G and 13C.

The bone anchor is made of any acceptable material. In one embodiment, the anchor is made of PEEK. The procedure using the PEEK tissue capture anchor merely requires drilling the bone hole and “capturing” the tendon within the suture loop of the anchor, dragging the tendon into the bone hole. In some embodiments, the tendon is captured using a spear tip. In one embodiment, the suture loop is used to capture and secure the tendon. In some embodiments, a further advantage when using an awl to make the bone hole is that the whole procedure can be percutaneous.

In one embodiment, a hole is drilled in to the bone at a diameter of about 9 mm. The anchor is positioned such that a grasper tool can be implemented to grasp a tendon through the suture loop and secure the suture around the tendon. The tendon can then be manipulated and moved or positioned. In one embodiment, a double bundle of tendons is inserted into a single bone tunnel in the femur. In one embodiment, a gracilis and a semitendinosus tendon are both doubled over for insertion into the bone hole. The anchor, which, in one embodiment may be about 8 mm or 9 mm in diameter, is inserted into the bone hole with the doubled over tendons. Due to the size of the hole, the anchor, which may be 8 or 9 mm in diameter is inserted with the doubled over tendons draped over its tip into the hole. The anchor is also suited for single bundle single tunnel and single bundle double tunnel procedures. In other embodiments, the bone hole and the anchor can be difference sizes as needed.

In one embodiment, the surgeon drills through the tibia and up into the femur and loads the anchor plus tendons through the tibial tunnel. In one embodiment, an anteromedial portal is used to drill the femoral tunnel and a separate tibial tunnel.

It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the tissue capture anchors 100 and 1000 and inserter tool 400 provide a system for easy attachment of a tendon or tissue to bone. The anchors 100 or 1000 may be inserted into bone with minimal disruption of surrounding tissue. Only an access route having the diameter of the outer tube 704 and the anchor body 200 is required. Furthermore, the anchor can be securely attached to the bone without having to insert additional instrumentation into the site or without performing any cumbersome attachment maneuvers such as knot tying.

Although the invention has been described with reference to embodiments and examples, it should be understood that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A tissue capture anchor for attaching tissue to bone, the anchor comprising: an expandable anchor body; and a spreader configured for displacement along an axis of the anchor body between a first position and a second position, the spreader comprising: a plurality of spikes configured to engage with tissue; and an angled portion configured to expand the anchor body as the spreader is advanced from the first position to the second position.
 2. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the anchor body comprise an expandable tine.
 3. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the anchor body comprises a plurality of expandable tines.
 4. The anchor of claim 3, wherein the spreader expands the anchor body by deploying the plurality of expandable tines.
 5. The anchor of claim 3, wherein the outside surface of each tine comprises at least two teeth.
 6. The anchor of claim 3, wherein an outside surface of the tines comprise ridges or teeth which are configured to secure the anchor body within bone.
 7. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the anchor body defines a central hole adapted to receive the proximal end of the spreader.
 8. The anchor of claim 1, wherein an outside surface of the spreader comprises a lateral protrusion and the central hole of the anchor body comprises indentations adapted to engage the lateral protrusion for inhibiting movement of the proximal end of the spreader relative to the central hole.
 9. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the inside surface of the central hole in the anchor body comprises a groove and the proximal end of the spreader comprises a ridge adapted to fixedly snap within the anchor body's groove.
 10. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the anchor is comprised of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK).
 11. The anchor of claim 1, wherein one of the spikes comprises a pointed end.
 12. The anchor of claim 1, wherein one of the spikes comprises a flat end.
 13. The anchor of claim 1, wherein one of the spikes comprises a rounded end.
 14. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the plurality of spikes comprise 12 spikes.
 15. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the plurality of spikes comprise 6 spikes.
 16. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the plurality of spikes comprise 4 spikes.
 17. A tissue capture anchor and inserter combination comprising: an anchor according to claim 1; a handle; an outer tube coupled to the handle; an inner rod or tube positioned within the outer tube and coupled to the spreader; an actuator shaft positioned within the handle and coupled to the inner rod; and a deployment knob coupled to the handle and the actuator shaft and configured to move the actuator shaft relative to the handle and the inner rod or tube relative to the outer tube; wherein the inserter tool is configured to draw the spreader into the bone anchor to fully deploy the tissue capture anchor and secure tissue to the bone.
 18. A method of attaching soft tissue to bone, comprising: engaging the soft tissue with a bone anchor, wherein the anchor comprises: a spreader having a tissue engaging element, wherein the tissue engaging element comprises a plurality of spikes; and an anchor body comprising expandable tines; inserting the anchor and engaged tissue into the bone; and deploying the anchor to secure it and the soft tissue in the bone.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the method further comprises making a clearance hole for the tissue capture anchor.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the clearance hole is made in the bicipital groove.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the clearance hole is made inferior to the bicipital groove.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the clearance hole is sized to receive an anchor.
 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the method further comprises making a bone hole for the tissue capture anchor.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the bone hole is made with a drill.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the bone hole is made with a reamer.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the bone hole is made with the tip of the spreader.
 27. The method of claim 23, further comprising clearing the bone of any soft tissue in the region of the bone hole.
 28. The method of claim 18, wherein the tendon is folded around the anchor longitudinally.
 29. The method of claim 18, wherein deploying the anchor additionally comprises expanding the anchor body to secure the tissue to the bone.
 30. The method of claim 18, wherein the expandable tines comprise teeth configured to engage the bone.
 31. The method of claim 18, wherein the tissue is secured without the use of sutures or knots.
 32. The method of claim 18, wherein the method is conducted arthroscopically.
 33. The method of claim 18, wherein the method comprises a sub-pectoral procedure.
 34. The method of claim 18, wherein engaging the tissue and inserting the anchor comprises moving the anchor into the bone so as to capture the soft tissue into the bone.
 35. The method of claim 18, wherein the soft tissue is secured within the bone by forcing the anchor within the bone after the tissue has been engaged by the anchor.
 36. The method of claim 23, wherein the tissue becomes secured within the tissue capture anchor once the anchor is deployed.
 37. A method of attaching soft tissue to bone in a sub-pectoral procedure, comprising: creating an incision on an inferior border of the pectoralis major muscle; engaging the soft tissue with a bone anchor through the incision, wherein the anchor comprises: a spreader having a tissue engaging element; and an anchor body comprising expandable tines; inserting the anchor and engaged tissue into the bone; and deploying the anchor to secure it and the soft tissue in the bone.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the method further comprises making a clearance hole for the tissue capture anchor.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the clearance hole is made inferior to the bicipital groove.
 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the clearance hole is sized to receive an anchor.
 41. The method of claim 37, wherein the method further comprises making a bone hole for the tissue capture anchor.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the bone hole is made with a drill.
 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the bone hole is made with a reamer.
 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the bone hole is made with the tip of the spreader.
 45. The method of claim 41, further comprising clearing the bone of any soft tissue in the region of the bone hole.
 46. The method of claim 37, wherein the tendon is folded around the anchor longitudinally.
 47. The method of claim 37, wherein deploying the anchor additionally comprises expanding the anchor body to secure the tissue to the bone.
 48. The method of claim 37, wherein the expandable tines comprise teeth configured to engage the bone.
 49. The method of claim 37, wherein the tissue is secured without the use of sutures or knots.
 50. The method of claim 37, wherein engaging the tissue and inserting the anchor comprises moving the anchor into the bone so as to capture the soft tissue into the bone.
 51. The method of claim 37, wherein the soft tissue is secured within the bone by forcing the anchor within the bone after the tissue has been engaged by the anchor.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the tissue becomes secured within the tissue capture anchor once the anchor is deployed.
 53. The method of claim 37, wherein the tissue engaging element comprises a single pointed tip.
 54. The method of claim 37, wherein the tissue engaging element comprises a suture loop.
 55. The method of claim 37, wherein the tissue engaging element comprises a plurality of spikes. 